No single county can ensure international peace, and arms are not guarantee of security
- Ali Alatas, former Indonesian Foreign Minister [i]
To attain these worthy aims, we have endeavored to improve our military forces, which are the protection of our state, so that our troops may consists of well drilled men, maintained in perfect order and discipline.
- Peter the Great, Decrees [ii]
Menurut World Book Encyclopedia 2002, Deluxe Premier Edition, perang bererti; fighting carried on by armed force between nations or parts of a nation.[iii] Menurut New Webster’s pula, perang bermaksud; An armed clash between nations, or factions in the same nation; a state of hostility or military conflict… [iv] Sun Tzu dalam bukunya menulis; “War is a vital matter of state. It is the field on which life or death is determined and the road that leads to either survival or ruin, and must be examined with the greatest care.” [v] Sementara Clausewitz mendefinasikan perang sebagai; war is clash between major interests, which resolved by bloodshed – that is the only way in which it differs from other conflicts.[vi] Bob Kobres mengulas panjang lebar tentang erti peperangan dalam artikelnya bertajuk Chapter XVII – The Nature of War. Ulasnya peperangan itu ialah barang dagangan politik dan kerajaan sesuatu buah Negara yang berupaya menentukan samaada ingin berperang atau sebaliknya.[vii] Bagi beliau peperangan bukan satu cara untuk menyekat satu peperangan lain. (War does not end war) [viii] Beliau juga menolak doctrine Si vis pacem, para bellum [ix] katanya; The generals and admirals, let us say, do not want war but they want preparation for war; and preparation for war is the sure guarantee of war among nations which are in the grip of keen competition for foreign trade with nations which they believe they can defeat.[x] Tetapi beberapa golongan bersetuju dengan teori itu, sebagai contoh menurut Asian Defense Journal, February 1998, Timbalan Perdana Menteri Singapura masa itu, Dr. Tony Tan dipetik sebagai berkata; Building a credible defense force is a long – term process which requires prudent and steady investment over many year.[xi] Begitu juga dengan Menteri Luar Iraq, Hoshyar Zebari, katanya; we are building our military, police, and intelligence capabilities, and trying to make the security situation tolerable.[xii] Pendapat ini dikongsi oleh Presiden Nixon, dalam memoir bekas Ketua Staffnya, Haldeman ada menyebutkan bahawa Nixon memberi komen kepada Kongres Amarika, katanya; …the need for military strength as a basis for successful negotiating.[xiii] Geoffrey Blainey pula mengulas dalam bukunya bertajuk The Cause of War, katanya; there can be no war unless at least two nations prefer war to peace. [xiv] beliau menambah; wars usually begin when two nations disagree on their relative strength, and wars usually cease when the fighting nations agree on their relative strength.[xv] Ini dipersetujui oleh Edward Luttwak dengan menyimpulkan bahawa;
Justeru itu, melalui kejayaan sepenuhnya satu pihak atau pihak yang lain, melalui keletihan semata – mata atau – lebih kerap berlaku dalam sejarah – kerana konflik matlamat sebenar yang menyebabkan peperangan itu diselesaikan melalui perubahan pada matlamat yang dihasilkan oleh peperangan itu sendiri: berdasarkan kesan peperangan dari segi kematian, kemusnahan harta benda, dan penderitaan, nilai apa jua yangb hendak diperoleh atau dipertahankan, dipertimbangkan semula menurut nilai sebenarnya, dan dengan itu cita – cita menjadi kurang penting atau diketepikan. [xvi]
Sebagai contoh kes di atas, bolehlah kita menyingkap satu peperangan besar di dalam sejarah umat islam iaitu Peperangan Al – Ahzab atau Al – Khandak (parit) yang berlaku pada bulan Syawal tahun ke 5 Hijrah. Kekutan musuh yang mengepung Madinah dikatakan seramai 10,000 orang yang mana melebihi jumlah penduduk Madinah itu sendiri. Secara logic, kepungan selama sebulan dengan menggunakan tentera yang ramai pasti akan melemahkan pertahanan Kota Madinah itu, tetapi mereka terpaksa berundur apabila menyedari keutuhan kerjasama mereka (berlainan puak) mula luntur secara tidak langsung kekuatan mereka turut menurun serta gangguan element cuaca secara langsung membuatkan mereka menyelesaikan konflik itu secara tergesa – gesa, walaupun objektif atau cita – cita mereka untuk menawan Madinah tidak tercapai.[xvii] Di dalam Peperangan Crecy pada 26 September 1346 pula, apabila menyedari yang Raja Perancis Cuma mempunyai 60 orang tentera termasuk dirinya, Sir John of Hainault telah menyarankan kepada Philip VI (raja Perancis) supaya berundur sahaja dan melupakan objektif baginda untuk menawan tentera Edward III ketika itu.[xviii] Malah, Frederick yang Agung juga terpaksa memperlahankan tempo peperangannya apabila menyedari yang beliau telah kehilangan setengah juta rakyatnya termasuk 180,000 orang tentera.[xix]
End Note
[i] Devi, Shalani. (Compiled). Alatas: No Single Nation can Ensure Peace. Asian Defense Journal. January 1995. p 89
[ii] Andrea, Alfred J, and James H Overfield. The Human Record: Sources of Global History. 3rd Ed. Vol. II: Since 1500. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. p 172
[iii] War; World Book Encyclopedia 2002, Deluxe Premier Ed. CD.
[iv] War; New Webster’s Dictionary – Modern Desk Ed. Illinois: Delair Publishing, 1975. p 612
[v] Hoyt, Tim. Sun Tzu and The Art of War. Internet: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/DiplomacyWorld/hoyt2.htm
[vi] Clausewitz. On War. Internet: http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~madsb/home/war/artofwar/definition.php
[vii] Kobres, Bob. Chapter XVII: The Nature of War. Univ. of Georgia Libraries. Internet: http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/coopc18.htm
[viii] Ibid
[ix] Pepatah latin yang bermakna; Jika anda mahukan keamanan, bersedialah untuk berperang. See: M. Pathmanathan (trans.) Luttwak, Edward N. Strategi: Logik peperangan dan keamanan. Kuala Lumpur: DBP, 1995. p 3
[x] Kobres. Ibid
[xi] Defense Spending to be maintained. Asian Defense Journal, Feb. 1998. p 68.
[xii] Internet: http://www.theaustralian.news.co.au/
[xiii] Haldeman, H R. The Haldeman Diaries. New York: Berkley Books, 1995. p 53. See also: Mao Zedong. Strategic Problems of China’s Revolutionary War. In Andrea, Alfred J, and James H Overfield. The Human Record: Sources of Global History. 3rd Ed. Vol. II: Since 1500. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. p 441. Mao menulis; Military experts of new and rapidly developing imperialist countries like German and Japan positively boast of the advantages of strategic offensive and condemn strategic defensive.
[xiv] Blainey, Geoffrey. The Causes of War. New York: The Free Press, 1973. p 245 (conclusion)
[xv] Ibid. p 246
[xvi] M. Pathmanathan (trans.) Luttwak, Edward N. Strategi: Logik peperangan dan keamanan. Kuala Lumpur: DBP, 1995. p 52
[xvii] Lihat Fadzil. Ibid. p 116 - 120
[xviii] See: Froissart, Sir John. The Battle of Crecy, 26 September 1346. in. John Carey. (ed.) Eye – Witness to History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1987. p 46
[xix] Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. London: Fontana Press, 1989. p 149
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