Showing posts with label Peperangan. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Peperangan. Show all posts

Thursday, July 03, 2008

Eksesais Bersatu Aman 1/2008


Cheras - 2 Julai 2008. Majlis Pelancaran Eksesais Bersatu Aman 1/2008 antara Polis Diraja Malaysia dan Angkatan Tentera Malaysia telah di adakan di Maktab Polis Diraja Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Cheras.

Hadir di majlis tersebut ialah YDH IG Tan Sri Dato' Seri Musa bin Dato' Haji Hassan, Ketua Polis Negara, YDH Tan Sri Ismail bin Haji Omar, Timbalan Ketua Polis Negara, YDH Pengarah-pengarah Jabatan PDRM, Timbalan-timbalan Pengarah, Komandan Maktab PDRM Kuala Lumpur serta Pegawai-pegawai Kanan PDRM. Turut hadir ialah Y.Bhg. Jeneral Tan Sri Dato' Seri Haji Abdul Aziz bin Haji Zainal, Panglima Angkatan Tentera Malaysia serta Panglima-panglima tertinggi ATM dari Tentera Laut, Udara dan Darat serta pegawai-pegawai kanan ATM.

Eksesais yang julung-julung kalinya di adakan oleh kedua-dua pihak, adalah bagi mengembeling tenaga dalam menangani situasi ketenteraman awam didalam negara ini. Telah tiba masanya pihak PDRM dan ATM bersama-sama berganding bahu dan bekerjasama dalam erti kata semangat setiakawan dalam menyusun dan merancang strategi dalam melaksanakan tugas dan mengekalkan ketenteraman awam seperti yang digariskan didalam Public Order Manual (POMAN) 1971.

Eksesais Bersatu Aman Siri 1/2008 yang akan bermula pada tarikh 2 Julai 2008 hingga 7 Julai 2008 yang menggunakan pendekatan Mapping Excercise (MAPEX) dan Command Post Excercise (CPX), melibatkan kawasan tanggungjawab di Kuala Lumpur, Selangor dan Putrajaya.

Objektif Eksesais Bersatu Aman Siri 1/2008 adalah :-
* Menilai tahap Interoperability dalam aspek pengoperasian antara PDRM dan ATM
* Mengukur tahap kesiapsiagaan PDRM dan ATM dari aspek kemahiran, kesesuaian perundangan dan kelengkapan peralatan logistik
* Menguji keberkesanan dari aspek perintah, kawalan, komunikasi dan pertukaran serta penyaluran maklumat risikan

Antara ucapan oleh YDH Tan Sri Dato' Seri Musa bin Dato' Haji Hassan, Ketua Polis Negara, beliau berharap dengan kerjasama PDRM dan ATM dalam eksesais ini akan dapat menguji kemampuan, ketangkasan, koordinasi dan persefahaman mengenai aspek logistik dan personel dalam menghadapi situasi ketenteraman awam pada masa kini dan akan datang.

Sumber: http://www.rmp.gov.my/news/news_details.cfm?id=359

Rujukan Lain
http://www.bharian.com.my/Thursday/BeritaUtama/20080703014858/Article/index_html
http://www.tranungkite.net/v7/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=12029




Saturday, October 27, 2007

militia

military organization composed of citizens enrolled and trained for service in times of national emergency. Its ranks may be filled either by enlistment or conscription. An early prototype was the national militia developed by Philip of Macedon. However, the modern concept of the militia as a defensive organization against invaders grew out of the Anglo-Saxon fyrd. The militiaman, in times of crisis, left his civilian duties and became a soldier until the emergency was over, when he returned to his civilian status. Militias persisted through the Middle Ages, especially in England, Italy, and Germany; after the rise of large standing armies they declined. In America, however, militias survived. The Military Company of Massachusetts was the first militia organization in America and was followed by similar groups in the other colonies. Local control and voluntary service prevailed. Although the militia was valuable throughout the American Revolution, it proved undependable in the War of 1812. Therefore, no militia forces were used in the Mexican War. However, during the Civil War, when manpower needs were greater, both sides resorted to the use of militia. After World War I, state military units were established under the term National Guard . In other countries the militia is known generally as the special reserve or the territorial reserve.

In 1995 the bombing of Oklahoma City's federal building focused national attention on self-appointed “militias” or, as they often call themselves, “Patriots.” These armed, typically rural and predominantly male organizations, many of which are in Western states, have a membership largely consisting of a mix of survivalists, white supremacists, gun-control opponents, “Christian Identity” adherents, and others adamantly opposed to most involvement of the federal government in the daily lives of U.S. citizens. Many in the militia movement were particularly angered by the FBI siege at Ruby Ridge, Idaho (1992), the destruction of the Branch Davidians at Waco, Tex. (1993), and the passage of the Brady Bill handgun control legislation (1993); these events spurred the further growth of the American militia movement in the 1990s.

Bacaan lanjutan
1.Militia movement: prescription for disaster.(Cover Story) Date: 01/01/1996; Publication: USA Today (Magazine); Author: Halpern, Thomas Rosenberg, David Suall, Irwin
2.Militias: initiating contact. Date: 07/01/1997; Publication: The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin; Author: Duffy, James E. Brantley, Alan C. ;
3.The Rise of the Militias, Daniel Junas; Covert Action Quarterly. No.52, 1995

Wednesday, August 01, 2007

Some US Army operation in Vietnam

1) Operation Houston, 26 Feb. 1968. Unit: 1st Marine Division
2) Operation Napoleon / Saline, 29 Feb. 1968. Unit: US Marine Corps
3) Operation Truong Cong Dinh, 1 March 1968. Unit: ARVN Unit & US 9th Infantry
Division
4) Operation Quyet Thang, 11 March 1968. Unit: US 1st, 9th and 25th Infantry
Division,
airborne battalion from ARVN 5th & 25th Division andselected Vietnamese Marine Corps
5) Operation People’s Road, 17 March 1968. Unit: US 9th Infantry Division.
6) Operation Cochise Green, 30 March 1968. Unit: US 173rd Airborne Brigade.
7) Operation Carentan II, 1 April 1968. Unit: unknown
8) Operation Pegasus, 1 April 1968. Unit: 1st Air Cavalry Division, 1st Marine &
element from ARVN
9) Operation Complete Victory, 8 April 1968. Unit: US & ARVN elements
10) Operation Burlington Trail, 8 April 1968. Unit: 198th Infantry Brigade
11) Operation Scotland II, 15 April 1968. Unit: USMC
12) Operation Delaware, 19 April 1968. Unit: 1st Air Cavalry
Division, 101st Airborne Division, 196th Infantry Brigade and
ARVN 1st Division and airborne Task Force Bravo.
13) Operation Allen Brook, 4 May 1968. Unit: USMC
14) Operation Jeb Stuart III, 17 May 1968. Unit: 1st Air Cavalry
Division
15) Operation Nevada Eagle, 17 May 1968. Unit: 101st Airborne

Division
16) Operation Mameluke Thrust, 18 May 1968. Unit: 1st Marine
Division [1]





End Note
[1] Butterfield, Fox. The World Almanac of the Vietnam War. New York: Bison Book, 1985. Page 155

Wednesday, May 30, 2007

Minyak dan Hasil Bumi lain sebagai Pencetus Konflik Bersenjata (Bah 1)

Paul Kennedy menulis:

War, to put it bluntly, would support war. By confiscation of crown and feudal properties in defeated countries; by spoils taken directly from the enemy’s armies, garrisons, museums, and treasuries; by imposing war indemnities in money or in kind… [1]

Leonid I Brezhnev, ketika menyakinkan rakan sejawatnya dari Somalia, Presiden Siad Barre dipetik sebagai berkata:

Our aims is to gain control of two great treasure house on which the west depends – the energy treasure house of the Persian Gulf and mineral treasure house of central and southern Africa.[2]

Faktor perebutan hasil bumi dan minyak telah dinobatkan antara sebab – sebab utama tercetusnya peperangan.[3] Hasil bumi seperti bahan galian, sumber tenaga seperti minyak dan keluasan tanah sering menjadi elemen yang menarik bagi Negara – Negara untuk berperang. John Collins menulis;

national interest in natural resources and raw materials shape international relationship… [4]

David Hume pula menulis dalam essay nya;

nothing is more usual, among states which have made seme advances in commerce, than to look on the progress of their neighbors with a suspicious eye, to consider all trading states as their rivals… [5]

sebagai contoh ialah semasa perang pencerobohan Iraq ke atas Kuwait pada 2 Ogos 1990. Saddam dilihat cuba menjadikan Iraq sebuah kuasa baru dunia apabila mengawal sejumlah 20% sumber minyak dunia yang ada di sana. [6] Faktor sumber tenaga seperti minyak ini menjadikan Negara kuasa besar seperti Amerika Syarikat rela berperang bagi memastikan mereka mempunyai bekalan yang cukup seperti yang dibuktikan semasa Operation Iraqi Freedom.[7] Mereka sanggup berbelanja hampir USD 17.7 billion bagi menghantar dan mengekalkan anggota tentera di kawasan Teluk pada tahun 1991.[8]

alahan Presiden Carter dalam ucapannya bertarikh 15 Julai 1979 telah mencadangkan satu program selama 10 tahun yang bernilai USD 140 bilion bagi mengurangkan pergantungan sumber minyak AS di pasaran luar. [9] Contoh lain yang boleh diambil ialah Negara Perancis. Dengan menawan Negara – Negara jirannya, Napoleon bukan sahaja mendapat pulangan yang berganda malahan menjana keutuhan kewangan bagi Negara Perancis dan untuk beliau sendiri.[10]

Sementara Jepun memperolehi keuntungan apabila menawan Korea pada Perang Dunia ke Dua kerana memperolehi sumber – sumber asli seperti arang batu, bijih besi dan lain – lain sumber asli termasuk kawasan janakuasa hidroelektrik di sana. [11] Insiden terbaru ialah keadaan tegang di Perairan Sulawesi berhampiran sempadan Malaysia – Indonesia gara – gara perebutan kawasan minyak yang bertindih di antara kedua buah Negara. [12] Minyak merupakan satu asset yang berharga kala ini mahupun di waktu dahulu.

William K Whiteford, pengerusi, Gulf Corp. pernah berkata:

…That’s gasoline you smell in there. You can’t buy any perfume in the world that smells as sweet. [13]

Oleh kerana kepentingan itu, dalam Operation Barbarossa, Hitler telah mengarahkan antara salah satu objektif operasi itu ialah menawan kawasan lombong minyak Russia di daerah Caucasus. [14]

Pihak berikat juga mengariskan kawasan perlombongan minyak milik tentera Jerman sebagai objektif utama juga, ini terbukti pada 1 Ogos 1943, berpuluh – puluh pesawat pengebom B – 24 Liberator milik 9th US Air Force telah mengebom kompleks penapisan minyak milik Jerman di Ploesti, Romania dari pengkalan milik mereka di Utara Afrika, 2,000 batu dari kawasan sasaran. [15]

Maka tidak syak lagi, peperangan hampir pasti terjadi apabila kepentingan hasil bumi sesuatu Negara terancam, seperti yang dirumuskan oleh John Collins dalam bukunya:

Resource warfare can threaten modern societies and damage military capabilities just surely as nuclear weapons. [16]

Winston Churchill ketika menjadi First Sea Lord dalam suratnya kepada Admiralty bertarikh September 29, 1939 mengesahkan yang hasil bumi adalah salah satu element pencetus akan sesuatu gerakan tentera. Beliau menulis seperti berikut:

It must be understood that an adequate supply of Swedish iron ore is vital to Germany, and the interception of these Narvik supplies during the winter month, i.e. from October to the end of April, will greatly reduce her power of resistance.[17]

Begitu juga di mana pihak British terpaksa memusnahkan facility minyak di Miri dan Seria kerana takut ianya jatuh ke tangan pihak Jepun apabila mereka menawan Sarawak, ini dirakamkan dalam memoir Lt General Arthur Percival, GOC Malayan Command ketika itu, beliau menulis:

Orders for the final demolition of the oil – fields reached the O C Troop Miri and Seria (Major Slatter of the 2/15 Punjab Regiment[18]) on the morning of 8 December. The first step was the wrecking of engine, pumping machinery, and furnaces. The next was denial of the gas – lift wells at Seria. Then the sea – loading lines were blown up and the various subsidiary plants, laboratories, etc, were laid waste.[19]

Perlaksanaan tugas di atas memang berasas kerana pihak Jepun telah memerintahkan Major General Kawaguchi Kiyotake yang memerintah Kawaguchi Detachment untuk menawan telaga minyak di barat laut Borneo dan pengkalan udara yang berada di luar Bandaraya Kuching. Bagi para perancang ketenteraan Jepun pada masa itu, Sarawak merupakan sasaran yang amat penting dan objective utama mereka ialah kawasan padang minyak di Miri.[20]

Ianya dibuktikan di dalam satu artikel yang dipetik dari journal Pointer bertarikh July 1987.

The United States economic pressures, especially the threat of a total oil embargo, led Japan to look for alternative sources of supply in the Dutch East Indies. [21]

Maka jelaslah bahawa apabila sumber mentah sesuatu Negara terancam, Negara itu akan berbuat apa sahaja termasuk berperang bagi memastikan sumber mereka tidak terancam.

Pihak British amat sedar akan rancangan itu, maka 2nd Battalion/ 15th Punjab Regiment yang dipimpin oleh Lt Col Lane telah dihantar ke Sarawak dengan dua tugasan:[22]

i. Untuk mempastikan yang kawasan pemprosesan dan carigali minyak di Miri dan Seria tidak jatuh kepada tangan tentera Jepun.
ii. Mempertahankan lapangan terbang di Kuching

G.C Allen dan Audrey Donnithorpe dalam buku mereka yang bertajuk Western Enterprise in Indonesia and Malaya juga ada mencatatkan tentang kesan kependudukan Jepun ke atas perlombongan petroleum di Asia Tenggara, tulis mereka;

In the years that followed the outbreak of the Pacific War the Indonesian economy was disrupted. Many plant, including oil installations, were destroyed by the Allies, before Japan occupied the country.[23]

Semasa Perang Dunia ke Dua, pihak tentera Berikat telah berjaya melumpuhkan sector pembinaan senjata pihak Jerman dengan. Ini diakui sendiri oleh Menteri yang bertanggungjawab di atas pembinaan senjata mereka iaitu Albert Speer. Dalam satu memorandum beliau kepada Hitler, beliau menulis:

Hence, the element in shortest supply is chromium. This is especially grave since chromium is indispensable to a highly developed armament industry. Should supplies from Turkey be cut off, the stockpile of chromium is sufficient only for 5.6 months. The manufacture of planes, tanks, motor vehicles, tank – shells, U – boats and almost entire gamut of artillery would have to cease from one to three months after this dateline, since by then the reserve in the distribution channels would be used up. [24]

Pada tahun 1990, bekas presiden Amerika Syarikat, Richard Nixon telah menulis dalam bukunya The Real War secara terperinci mengenai keperluan dan kepentingan bahan galian chromium ini. Beliau memperincikan bahawa sebuah pesawat pejuang sahaja memerlukan sebanyak 3,600 paun chromium untuk komponen – komponennya seperti ball bearings, alatan berketepatan tinggi (high – precision instruments), dan peluru berpandu. Beliau juga mendedahkan hasil kajian Majlis Penyelidikan Negara menyatakan:

…concluded that the U S long – term vulnerability in chrome is greater than in petroleum. Chromium is already in short supply, and we desperately need it to rebuild our armed forces.[25]


Selain itu, pihak Berikat juga sedar akan dua kelemahan yang dimiliki oleh pihak Jerman, iaitu bekalan bijih besi (Iron Ore) dan juga minyak. Bekalan bijih besi bagi Jerman datangnya dari Negara Sweden sementara bekalan minyak datangnya dari Negara Romania dan lapangan petroleum di Baku.[26]

Nota Kaki
[1]Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. London: Fontana Press, 1989 p 172
[2] Ia merujuk kepada sumber minyak dan gas asli di kawasan Teluk Parsi dan sumber mineral di benua Afrika. Lihat: Nixon, Richard. The Real War. New York: Touchstone Books, 1990. p23
[3] War; World Book Encyclopedia 2002, Deluxe Premier Ed. CD
[4] Collins, John M. Military Geography for Professional and the Public. Washington: Brassey’s , 1998. p 165
[5] Hume, David. Of the Jealousy of Trade. Internet: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/
[6] Woodward, Bob. The Commander. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991. p 237
[7] Ketika penjajahan Iraq ke atas Kuwait, Presiden Bush dipetik sebagai berkata, if Saddam succeeds in extending his control to a large part of the Arab world, he could pose a direct threat to the US by severely damaging our oil – dependent economy. Lihat; Henderson, David R. Do We Need to Go to War For Oil? Cato Foreign Policy Briefing No. 4. internet: http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=1529
[8] Henderson, Ibid. see also; Susan, Rasky. Senators Question Control of Gulf Aid. New York Times. September 12, 1990. p A9
[9] The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2004. CD. Selectsoft Publishing.
[10] Kennedy, Paul. Ibid. p 172
[11] Collins, John M. ibid. p 159, Lihat juga: Allen, G.C. Allen, and A.G. Donnithorpe. Western Enterprise in Indonesia & Malaya. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1962. Hal 165 – 166. Mereka menulis: By 1938 the output of ore reached 1,600,000 tons. All this was shipped to Japan. Its represented about half of Japan’s ore imports.
[12] TNI Tetap Bersiaga di Kawasan Ambalat. Internet: http://www.kompas.com/
[13] Vitullo – Martin, Julia, and J Robert Moskin. Executive’s Book of Quotations. New York, Oxford: Oxford UP, 1994. p 208
[14] Matthews, Rupert. Hitler: Military Commander. London: Capella, 2003. p 173
[15] Warden III, John A., Colonel, USAF. The Air Campaign. Washington: Brassey, 1989. p 39
[16] Collins, John M. Military Geography for Professional and the Public. Washington: Brassey’s , 1998. p 165
[17] Churchill, Winston. The Gathering Storm: The Second World War. 1st Vol. London: Penguin Books, 1962. p475
[18] Berkekuatan hanya 100 orang anggota dan dibantu oleh kakitangan Sarawak Oilfields Ltd. Lihat: Ooi Keat Gin. A Japanese Christmas. Dlm. The Star. July 20, 2005. p12
[19] Percival, Lt Gen A E. The War in Malaya. New Delhi: Sagar Publications, 1971. p166
[20] Ooi Keat Gin. A Japanese Christmas. Dlm. The Star. July 20, 2005. p12
[21] Lee Swee Hoon. Why Did Japan Invade Southeast Asia? Dlm. Pointer. July 1987. p3
[22] Smyth, Sir John. Percival and the Tragedy of Singapore. London: Macdonald, 1971. p158
[23] Allen, G.C. and Audrey G Donnithorpe. Western Enterprise in Indonesia & Malaya. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1962. Hal. 37
[24] Speer, Albert. Inside the Third Reich. Trans. Richard & Clara Winston. London: Sphere Books, 1971. p432
[25] Nixon, Richard. The Real War. New York: Touchstone Books, 1990. p29
[26] Churchill, Winston. The Gathering Storm: The Second World War. 1st Vol. London: Penguin Books, 1962. p511

Monday, April 09, 2007

PEPERANGAN AUSTERLITZ DEC 2, 1805

By Zaharin Abd Wahab

Peperangan Austerlitz berlaku pada 2 Disember, 1805 diantara Tentera Napoleon I dan pasukan tentera campuran antara Austria dan Russia. Pertempuran itu berlaku di perkampungan Austerlitz yang sekarang berada di dalam Negara Czech Republik.[1]

Menurut C A Leeds dalam bukunya European History 1789 – 1914. Peperangan tersebut berlaku setelah pasukan tentera Austria tewas ditangan Napoleon pada Pertempuran Ulm, 20 October 1805. Jeneral Russia ketika itu, Kutusov mencadangkan agar dilakukan satu gencatan senjata bagi mempersiapkan kembali angkatan tentera Prussia, tetapi cadangan itu ditolak oleh Alexander I, pemerintah Russia ketika itu dan berlakulah pertempuran Austerlitz dan pasukan mereka telah dapat ditewaskan oleh Tentera Napoleon I. [2]

Kesan dari kekalahan pihak Russia dan Austria, pemimpin Austria terpaksa menandatangani satu perjanjian damai dengan Napolean yang dikenali sebagai Treaty of Pressburg pada Dec 26, 1805. [3]

Akibat perjanjian tersebut, Austria telah kehilangan Venice kepada Itali, Tyrol kepada Bavaria sementara pemerintah Bavaria dan Wurttemberg dikenali sebagai Raja dan tidak terikat kepada takluk Empayar Austria. Negara Austria juga dikehendaki membayar denda sebanyak 40 juta franc kepada pihak Perancis. [4]

Menurut Prof. Eric Arnold, dari University of Denver, di dalam artikelnya di World Book 2002, Austria juga kehilangan wilayah Istria dan Dalmatia kepada Itali dan dengan itu, Empayar Holy Roman yang dipimpin oleh Francis II tumbang, dan dengan ini memudahkan lagi Napoleon untuk menakluk kawasan tengan Europe. [5]

Bibliography
[a] CD – ROM, World Book 2002
[b] Cobban, Alfred. A History of Modern France. Vol. II. Harmondsworth: Penguin
Books, 1972.
[c] Leeds, C.A. European History: 1789 – 1914. London: Macdonald & Evans Ltd.,
1971.
[d] Manfred, Prof. A.Z. A Short History of the World. Vol. I Trans. Katharine
Judelson. Moscow: Progress Publisher, 1974
[e] Palmer, A.W. A Dictionary of Modern History: 1789 – 1945. Harmondsworth:
Penguin Books, 1972.
[f] Thomson, David. European since Napoleon. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books,
1971


NOTA KAKI
[1] CD – ROM, World Book 2002
[2] Leeds, C.A. European History: 1789 – 1914. London: Macdonald & Evans Ltd., 1971. Hal 20 – 21
[3] Cobban, Alfred. A History of Modern France. Vol. II. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972. Hal 44. Lihat juga: Manfred, Prof. A.Z. A Short History of the World. Vol. I Trans. Katharine Judelson. Moscow: Progress Publisher, 1974. Hal 379
[4] Leeds, Op cit. hal 21, lihat juga: Thomson, David. European since Napoleon. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971. Hal 64 dan Palmer, A.W. A Dictionary of Modern History: 1789 – 1945. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972. Hal 36
[5] CD – ROM, World Book 2002

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Greenbreed East Municipal Airport 2016pm GACO Frontier 16KA The GACO Frontier 16KA, registration 323-5, bled off airspeed over the Greenbree...