Crimean War 1853 - 1856

Searching fields
i. Crimean War
ii. Battle of Balaclava
iii. Florence Nightingale
iv. The Treaty of Paris
v. Ottoman Empire

Abstract 1
Dalam peperangan Crimean (Crimean War) sebagai contoh, konflik antara pihak Khalifah Uthmaniah (Ottoman) dan Kerajaan Russia tercetus hanya kerana pihak Uthmaniah memberi kelebihan kepada Negara Perancis mengawal sejumlah gereja – geraja Kristian di Palastine. Oleh kerana permintaan Russia ditolak maka pihak Russia bertindak menawan Negara jajahan Uthmaniah iaitu Moldavia dan Walachia. Kerana itu pihak Kerajaan Uthmaniah bertindak mengisytiharkan perang terhadap Negara Russia.[1]

Abstract II
The Ottoman Empire began to collapse in the face of Balkan nationalisms and European imperial incursions in N Africa (Suez Canal, 1869). The Turks had lost control of most of both regions by 1882. Russia completed its expansion South by 1884 (despite the temporary setback of the Crimean War with Turkey, Britain, and France, 1853-56), taking Turkestan, all the Caucasus, and Chinese areas in the East and sponsoring Balkan Slavs against the Turks. A succession of reformist and reactionary regimes presided over a slow modernization (serfs freed, 1861). Persian independence suffered as Russia and British India competed for influence.[2]

Abstract III
Crimean War, (1853-1856), was fought between Russian forces and the allied armies of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire (now Turkey), and Sardinia. The war's name comes from the Crimean Peninsula, an area of present-day Ukraine where much of the fighting took place.

Causes of the war included religious, commercial, and strategic rivalries among Britain, France, and Russia in the Near East and political rivalries between France and Russia in Europe. A chief objection of the allies was Russia's expansion in the Black Sea region. Major battles in the Crimean Peninsula occurred along the River Alma and around the towns of Sevastopol, Balaklava, Inkerman, and Yevpatoriya (also spelled Eupatoria). Russia's lack of supplies, railroads, and reinforcements led to its defeat. The Treaty of Paris, signed on March 30, 1856, ended the war. It forced Russia to give up some territory it had taken from the Ottoman Empire and forbade warships on and fortifications around the Black Sea.

The Crimean War was the first war to be covered by newspaper reporters and photographers at the front. The English poet Lord Tennyson wrote a famous poem, "The Charge of the Light Brigade," about the Battle of Balaklava. The activities of Florence Nightingale, an English nurse, later helped bring about improvements in nursing and hospital care.[3]


Abstract IV
Battle of Balaclava (October 25, 1854)
A battle of the Crimean War, the Russian tried to seize the British base at balaclava, but were repulsed by a Highland regiment and by the Heavy Brigade of cavalry. Confusion between the British commanders then led to the gallant, but militarily unnecessary, charge of the Light Brigade under Lord Cardigan. (Palmer, 1964: 40)

Abstract V
Battle of Inkerman (November 5, 1854)
The battle took place during the siege of Sebastopol in the Crimean War. A Russian force of 15,000 men from Balaclava tried to break through the British lines, held at first by 3,600 man. There was fierce hand – to – hand fighting before, with arrival of reinforcement, the Russians were thrown back, having lost 12,000 men killed, captured, or wounded, against 3,400 allied casualties. (Palmer, 1964: 163)

Abstract VI
The immediate cause of the Crimean War was the refusal of the Turks to accept a Russian demand to protect Christians within Turkish Empire. The ultimate origins lie in British suspicion of Russian, partly because of her intervention to suppress the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – 9 and partly because of the Tsar’s proposal for eventual partition of Turkish territory. (Palmer: 1964: 94)

Abstract VII
Congress of Paris or Treaty of Paris; March 30, 1856
An international conference held in Paris in March 1856 under presidency of the French Foreign Minister, Walewski (1810 – 68), to settle the Eastern Question after the Crimean War. (Palmer. 1964: 248)
Treaty consists:
Russian surrenders the mouths of Danube and part of Bessarabia to the future Romania and Kars to Turkey.
Russian also renounced claims for a religious protectorate over Christians in Turkey.
Warships and fortifications were prohibited on the Black Sea.
The Danubian Principalities were placed under guarantee of the Great Powers.
International commission was to regulate traffic on the Danube.


Abstract VIII
The tsar and his government and his government, feeling themselves by this time to be in a far from strong position, decided to make use of the weakness of the Turkish Empire to consolidate their control over the Bosporus and the Dardanelles and ensure free passage for Russian vessels from the Black Sea into the Mediterranean… However, stronger and more progressive capitalist states such as Britain and France were not prepared to sit back and watch Russian strengthen its hold on the Middle East; they were also not averse to the prospect of capturing such rich prize as the Crimea and the Caucasus… Russia’s navy consist of sailing vessels while the British and French had long over to steam; their arms and artillery were also superior to those of the Russian army. Poor communication meant that the Russian forces were virtually cut off from their supply centers – supplies of both arms and food were seriously inadequate and subject to frequent delay… The war ended with the drafting of the Treaty of Paris in 1856, the terms of which were extremely burdensome for Russia, since she was deprived of the right to have warships in the Black Sea and was also obliged to raze to the ground all her coastal fortifications in that area. (Manfred, 1974: 434)



Books List
i. Palmer, A. W. A Dictionary of Modern History 1789 – 1945. London: Penguin Books, 1964. pp40, 94, 163, 248, 238

ii. Manfred, Prof. A. Z. Ed. A Short History of The World. Vol. 1. Trans. Katharine Judelson. Moscow: Progress Publisher, 1974. pp433

iii. Kinder, Hermann, and W. Hilgemann. The Penguin Atlas of World History. Vol. II. Trans. Ernest A. Menze. London: Penguin Books, 1978. pp69

iv. Taylor, A. J. P. Europe: Grandeur and Decline. London: Penguin Books, 1967. pp67

v. Thomson, David. Europe since Napoleon. London: Pelican Books, 1966. pp111

vi. Horowitz, Sidney. Basic Facts – World History. New York: Collier Books, 1963. pp46

vii. Leeds, C. A. European History 1789 – 1914. London: Macdonald & Evans Ltd., 1971. pp96

viii. Trevelyan, G. M. A Shortened History of England. London: Pelican Books, 1959. pp485

ix. Perry, K. Modern European History: Made Simple. London: W. H. Allen, 1976. pp6

x. Lipson, E. Europe in the 19th & 20th Centuries. London: Adam & Charles Black, n. d. pp37

xi. Carey, John. Ed. Eye – witness to History. Mass: Harvard UP, 1987. pp333[4]

xii. Blainey, Geoffrey. The Cause of War. New York: The Free Press, 1973. pp20

xiii. Hitti, Philip K. History of the Arabs. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1963. pp738

xiv. Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. London: Fontana Press, 1989. pp185

xv. Nelson, Rebecca. Ed. The Handy History Answer Book. Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press, 1999. pp319

xvi. “Crimean War.” The World Almanac 2004 & Books of Facts. 2004. CD-ROMS, Selectsoft Publishing.

xvii. “Crimean War.” World Book Encyclopedia 2002. Deluxe Premier ed. 2002. CD-ROMS, World Book.

xviii. Abd. Wahab, Zaharin. Sebab – sebab berlakunya peperangan. Dlm. Rainman_two. July 10, 2005. http://www.rainman2.blogspot.com


End Note
[1] Abd. Wahab, Zaharin. Sebab – sebab berlakunya peperangan. Dlm. Rainman_two. July 10, 2005. http://www.rainman2.blogspot.com/
[2] “Crimean War.” The World Almanac 2004 & Books of Facts. 2004. CD-ROMS, Selectsoft Publishing
[3] “Crimean War.” World Book Encyclopedia 2002. Deluxe Premier ed. 2002. CD-ROMS, World Book
[4] Balaclava War – due Crimean War